Archive for the ‘Journal Summer 2009’ Category

Colca Canyon, Part 3–The trail

Tuesday, November 3rd, 2009

When planning my trip, I had a difficult time finding details about this trek.  So this post is my attempt to help the next potential trekker decide if this walk is for them. 

In my last post, I discussed the elevation loss/gain in numerical terms.  But how do I put that into perspective?

First, there’s the physical trail itself.  It’s not a trail like you would find in a US national park.  It is not a path designed for recreation, for people who want to experience the natural wonders of a place and have no particular need to get from point A to point B.  Instead, it is a path developed over centuries by people wanting to get from their homes and farms inside the canyon to places outside the canyon. 

Children from these villages on the north side of the canyon had to walk down to the river and then up the trail I descended to get to school

Children from these villages on the north side of the canyon had to walk down to the river and then up the trail I descended to get to school

It is a well-used trail.  I met children on their way to school on the rim.  I met a husband and wife leading and prodding their animals loaded down with doors and lumber for a building project.

Highway transport into Colca Canyon

Highway transport into Colca Canyon

Sometimes the trail was so steep it seemed to disappear over the edge

Sometimes the trail was so steep it seemed to disappear over the edge

Constant use, especially by load-bearing animals, is hard on a trail. This trail was especially rocky.  Stretches of dirt tread were few and far between.

A path of rocks

A path of rocks

Trails need maintenance.  Grand Canyon National park has 415 miles of inner-canyon trails of which 42 miles are corridor trails.  Over a year, about 200,000 people use one of these trails to descend into the canyon.  In 2008, 9,600 went all the way down to the river and Phantom Ranch on a mule.  To maintain these trails, the National Park Service employs 30 people full time year round and another 60 part time or seasonally.  Its 2008 bare-bones trail maintenance budget was two million dollars.  I couldn’t find any details about the allocation of funds, but from some comments I found I gather that maintaining the toilets, supplying toilet paper, and cleaning up trash consume quite a bit of these funds.  Its backlog of true trail maintenance projects is such that some of the $10 million it received in ARRA funds are being used to rehabilitate the South Kaibab Trail.  In other words, trail maintenance to the level which we as Americans expect is expensive.

In September, 2006, the South Kaibab Trail didn't look much different

In September, 2006, parts of the South Kaibab Trail didn't look much different

Maintenance of the trails in Colca Canyon is rudimentary at best.  Of course, there are no toilets to worry about maintaining or keeping supplied with toilet paper, and there was surprisingly little trash along the route.

Now, what about the route?  Obviously, with a gradient of something close to 20%, it’s steep.  Very steep.  While the above photo of the South Kaibab Trail might make you think it is steep, it has long stretches of gradual elevation loss and lots and lots of long switchbacks.  The Inca and other early Andean peoples seem to have subscribed to the belief shorter is better; steps are the best.  On the Colca Canyon trail, there are no respites from the knee-pounding descent.

Zig-zags on the Colca Canyon Trail

Zig-zags on the Colca Canyon Trail

The trail zig-zags rather than switchbacks down into the canyon, much like the earliest version of the Bright Angel Trail into the Grand Canyon which had a short section with a 40% gradient.

 

The original zig-zags on the Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon

The original zig-zags on the Bright Angel Trail, Grand Canyon

In my next post, I’ll talk about the trek itself.

Colca Canyon, Part 2–Is it deeper than the Grand Canyon?

Monday, November 2nd, 2009

I went to the canyon because I wanted to hike to the bottom of a canyon reputed to be twice the depth of Arizona’s Grand Canyon.  Having just finished a book on the Grand Canyon after several years of research that included hiking down to Phantom Ranch, I couldn’t believe a trek to the bottom of a canyon twice as deep as the Grand Canyon could be accomplished in a couple of hours as all the guidebooks claimed.  It had taken our Grand Canyon Field Institute group over six hours to descend the 4800′ from the South Rim to Phantom Ranch via the South Kaibab Trail.  (For my trail journal of that hike, see Trails and Treasures’ South Kaibab Trail.)

 

Colca Canyon at the start of the trek

Colca Canyon at the start of the trek: Where's the bottom?

Colca Canyon is said to reach a maximum depth of 13,648′ on the north rim and 11,811′ on the south rim with the floor being 3,960′ below the rim on average.  (See the Colca Canyon official site.)  I started my trek into the canyon at Cabanaconde at an elevation of 10,780′ and went down to the oasis as Sangalle at 6900′, a descent of 3,880′.  I couldn’t find a trail distance in any of the guidebooks, and my guide just shrugged his shoulders.  Since I met young people with good knees who made it down in 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 hrs, I’d guess three to four miles.

The following table compares the trail descents:

  Colca Canyon Grand Canyon
Rim elevation (in feet)

10,780

7,200

Destination elevation

6,900

2,420

Elevation difference

3,880

4,780

Hiking distance

4(?) miles 

7.1 miles

 Thus, there are several important statistical differences in these two treks:

  • the Colca Canyon trail is significantly steeper with an 18 to 21% gradient vs. a 14% gradient, and
  • the Colca Canyon trek is accomplished at significantly higher altitudes, but
  • the vertical descent into the Grand Canyon on the South Kaibab trail is significantly greater.

By comparing the views, one can see that the “rim” of Colca Canyon is far less obvious than that of the Grand Canyon.  There are mountains that rise up from the rim of Colca Canyon.  The Grand Canyon is in the middle of the Colorado Plateau.  The Grand Canyon is also much older than Colca Canyon.  Researchers estimate it began 17 million years ago.

The Grand Canyon: Where's the river?
The Grand Canyon: Where’s the river?

There are other differences too which I’ll talk about in my next post.  But, from my perspective as a hiker, the Grand Canyon is deeper.

 For a good discussion of canyons, see http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Canyon.  And, by the way, Colca Canyon is not the deepest canyon in the world; Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet is.

Colca Canyon, Part 1–Terraces

Sunday, November 1st, 2009

At Chivay, the Colca River valley is wide enough to provide room for a town in which 5,000 people currently live.  Before the Spanish arrived, many more people lived in the Colca Valley.  Yanque, another village in the valley, now has a population of about 500; at one time it had a population of 17,000.

As the population grew, the Collagua and Cabana people needed to increase their agricultural production.  Between 600 and 900 AD, a system of irrigated terraces was developed, and by the time the Spanish arrived, the valley was covered with terraced fields full of numerous varieties of potatoes, corn, beans and quinua.

As the population declined, many fields were no longer needed, and they were left to nature. 

The Colca River valley and the town of Chivay

The Colca River valley and the town of Chivay

The canyon created by the river is on the far side of the valley in this photo.  From this point on, the river has gouged out a chasm that gets ever deeper.  In the following photo, the canyon is in the foreground.
Looking West into Colca Canyon

Looking West into Colca Canyon

The immensity of the amount of work that went into creating the terraces by people with no iron tools or the wheel is mind-boggling.
The terraces from the valley perspective

The terraces from the valley perspective

 

Close-up of terraces

Close-up of terraces

For more history of the canyon, see the local government’s site colcaperu.gob.pe (in English).

Chivay and Peruvian Food

Sunday, November 1st, 2009

My last several posts have focused on the van ride across the Altiplano to Chivay (and on to Puno).  So, you’ll be glad to hear I finally got there.  While Chivay’s location at the entrance to Colca Canyon means lots of tourists pass through, the town with only about 5,000 inhabitants  isn’t much.  But, nearly every tour passing through town stops at the Urinsaya for lunch.

Urinsaya's courtyard

Urinsaya's courtyard

 

Since the van ride to Chivay was the only time I was “on the road” with other travelers, the Urinsaya was the only truly tourist restaurant I ate in.  It serves a buffet with about 30 choices.  Thus, it provided me an opportunity to sample a wide variety of dishes.

I ate there twice, before and after my trek into Colca Canyon.  While some of the items were available both times, others were not.  Moreover, as some items disappeared onto people’s plates, the empty platters were replaced–sometimes with different items.  On my first visit, our group of about 8 was among the last to arrive and the place was bustling.  While small van tours were the norm, there also were several large tour bus-loads of diners.  Groups were assigned to long tables.  Since I was a group of 1 within the group of 8, I was assigned my own section of a large table, but no one ever sat at the other end.  It felt rather strange sitting by myself surrounded by these large groups of noisy diners.  On my second visit, I was just with my guide, and we were the first diners.  We even had to wait for the hot dishes to come out of the kitchen.  So, while some items had been sitting around for a bit the first time, everything that was supposed to be hot was.

Now, to the food.  First of all, one needs to know that all Peruvian entrees are served with both potatoes and rice.  (My low-carb diet disappeared quickly.)  On my two “treks”, both lunch and dinner usually consisted of at least two courses, either a soup and an entree or an appetizer and an entree. Dinner usually ended with a sweet of some kind, although jello or pudding were the norm on the trail.

Here, there were several choices of chopped salads featuring various combinations of cucumbers, tomatoes, celery, cheese, beets, carrots, avocados, peppers, etc.  Even though it was the equivalent of winter, all types of vegetables seemed to be readily available–just like at home.  Most were tossed with various oil and vinegar-based dressings.  But there was no lettuce in any of the salads.  My guess is that most tourists have been so indoctrinated with the idea that they should never eat anything that hasn’t been peeled or boiled, that if the Urinsaya served it, it would just sit there.  When served a sliced avocado and tomato on a bed of lettuce as an appetizer on the Inca Trail, I ate it all, but my traveling companions just picked out the avocado.

Among the stew-like dishes served in clay pots, I tried a tasty lamb stew and a version of aji de gallina–a spicy chicken dish with a sauce made from bread, milk, walnuts and cheese.  I also had this last dish in a nice restaurant in Cusco.  The restaurant version was spicier, so I think the Urinsaya toned down its dishes for the masses.

On the other hand, there was no way to tone-down the stuffed peppers–rocoto rellenos.  My only complaint was that here they only served a little, cold appetizer version.  I never had the opportunity to test my tastebuds on a warm hot pepper during my entire four weeks in Peru.

I also got to taste some meat that had been roasted and sliced.  It was very chewy and probably was alpaca, since I had alpaca several other times, and each time, no matter how it was fixed, it was chewy.  I’ve put it on my list of foods that I won’t order on a restaurant menu, right there with beef.

Then there were the ubiquitous fried chicken and french fries.  I just happened on a fresh batch of both when I went back for a second plate; both were very good. 

One of the more unusual starch dishes was a quinoa croquette.  It was not warm.  It wasn’t clear if it was supposed to be room temperature or it had just been sitting too long, as it didn’t seem to be very popular.  I was singularly unimpressed; maybe if it had been warm, as I had quinoa served numerous other ways and enjoyed them all.

I don’t remember if there were any fish dishes served at the Urinsaya, but there probably was at least one.  I had fish numerous times in Peru, but now, almost four months later, I recall three excellent and very different fish meals.  On the island of Taquile in the middle of Lake Titicaca I was served locally caught fish that had been lightly breaded and then sauteed, on a hillside terrace surrounded by fresh flowers.  It was a beautiful day, and the setting made the simple meal memorable.

My lunchtime view on Taquile Island in Lake Titicaca

My lunchtime view on Taquile Island in Lake Titicaca

On the other hand, the kitchen would never grace the pages of a travel magazine.

The kitchen on Tquile

The kitchen on Taquile

In Cusco I dined one evening at the Pacha Papa restaurant where I sat in the candle-lit courtyard near the wood-fire oven and watched them prepare my claypot-cooked trout and bake tray after tray of rolls that came to your table piping hot. 

My last memorable fish meal was my very last meal in Peru.  My plane from Cusco landed in Lima in the late afternoon, but my flight to Los Angeles didn’t take off until midnight.  A guide and driver from Ancient Summit  picked me up at the airport and drove through horrible rush hour traffic to Miraflores, where I dined at the Rosa Nautica on sea bass Florentine.  The Rosa Nautica, with its beautiful seaside setting overlooking the lights of the city, reminded me of  The Reef in Long Beach.  Its style and service were also just like those at any high-end American (as in USA) restaurant.

Rosa Nautica

Rosa Nautica

On Top of the Andes with the Aid of Some Coca

Saturday, October 31st, 2009

The high-light of the trip from Arequipa to Chivay is the Mirador de los Andes at 16,066′.  To prepare one’s body for the ascent, the guides recommend chewing coca leaves.  They even stop at a mini-market on the outskirts of the city to give you a chance to purchase a bag of leaves (or coca candy).  Then, when you are back on the bus, they demonstrate how to pinch off a tiny bit of ash, role it up in about a dozen leaves, and then stuff the wad into your cheek.  You then mash it in place for a half hour or so to release the alkaloids in the leaves, one of which is a form of cocaine.  (For a more in-depth discussion of coca and its role in Andean culture, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca.)

Coca tea is generally tauted by the guidebooks as being helpful in altitude adjustment, and it is readily available in tea bags in most hotels and restaurants.  Several of the hotels I stayed in had bowls of loose leaves available next to their hot water urns.  I’d been drinking it since my arrival in Peru; it was way better than Lipton.  I also bought a bag of leaves and with my guides help, settled in for a half hour of masticating the wad while the van climbed ever higher on a wide, well-paved road.  Later on, I used some of my leaves when ascending the highest pass on the Inca Trail.  Since it is illegal to bring the leaves into the United States, I gave the remainder to my porters at the end of the trek.

At the mirador, the van stopped so we could take pictures.  The view was, of course, fantastic, but it was difficult to enjoy for long as it was cold and the wind chill made it feel very cold, indeed.  It was also difficult to capture the immensity of the view.

The Andes from a height of 16,000'
The Andes from a height of 16,000′
The guidebooks all say this pass is one of the highest motorable passes in the world.  But, is it?  Currently, the highest is believed to be Semo La in Tibet at 18,258′.  Estimates of the Marsimik in India are rounded to 18,300′.  For many years, the Khardung La (17,580′) in India was thought to be the highest, but modern GPS readings debunk that claim.  There probably are others in the Himalayas that also surpass the Mirador de los Andes by over 1000 feet. 
The exact altitude of Mirador de los Andes is also questionable.  Encarta places it at only 14,660′.
And how does this pass compare to those in the American Rocky Mountains?  Two of the highest passes I went over, admittedly in a 4WD vehicle, were Imogene at 13,114′ and Black Bear at 12,840′.
Imogene Pass at 13,114'

Imogene Pass at 13,114'

One difference between 13,000′ and 16,000′ is the presence of some form of vegetation.
The Rocky Mountains from 12,840'

The Rocky Mountains from 12,840'

A more interesting difference is in people’s feelings and behaviors when reaching such lofty heights.  The following scene was taken directly across the road from the Andean lookout.
Apachetas at Mirador de los Andes

Apachetas at Mirador de los Andes

There were literally thousands of these apachetas covering the hillside.  Some were just a few rocks piled up like a cairn; some were several feet tall; some were very artistic and created silhouettes of animals.  Most were probably created by tourists who knew nothing about what apachetas mean in Peruvian culture, but how they felt standing in this place looking at the apachetas already in place motivated them to do something.
An apacheta is a stone cairn or mound used to designate or “link up” to a place of power that is infused with refined energy. (Matt McGee, Peruvian Shamanism, The Pachakuti Mesa)  For a detailed discussion, including their meaning and how to build one, see Build Your Own Apacheta.
On the other hand, we witnessed the following scene near the top of Black Bear Pass in Colorado.
An American Apacheta?

An American Apacheta?

Farming at High Altitudes

Friday, October 30th, 2009

Given the landscape pictured in my photographs of the Altiplano in a previous post, one might think the area uninhabited.  While the road did pass through the Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve where I saw a herd of  vicuña (see my last post), outside the boundaries of the reserve there was a scattering of isolated homes or farms.

Some looked very rustic and deserted.  (Be sure to enlarge to see details.)

 

 

It's a long way to the nearest neighbor

It's a long way to the nearest neighbor

 

 

Note the stone walls around the animal pens

Note the stone walls around the animal pens

 

 

However, every once in a while, a more prosperous looking enterprise would appear.  Being next to a paved road in a flatter, less rocky area probably made a difference.  Also, note the cell tower to the rear of the right side of the complex.

A Large Farm
A Large Farm
Now despite my last post, I will not swear that the following is a herd of llamas, but that’s my guess.
Llamas on the Altiplano

Llamas on the Altiplano

Llamas, Alpacas, and Vicuñas

Friday, October 30th, 2009

Llamas, alpacas, and vicunas, along with guanaco which I never saw, are all members of the camelid family. 

Doesn't it look like a camel?

Doesn't it look like a camel?

Bred to be beasts of burden, llamas are everywhere in Peru, even in cities like Cusco where women and children are constantly pestering you to take their picture with the animal–and then asking you to pay for the privilege.  In the Colca Canyon area where a handful of women, accompanied by their children and animals, would display their wares at a roadside pull-off, I never heard one of them ask for money.

 

What is that llama thinking? 

 

 

Oh, so cute!

Oh, so cute!

 

Alpacas, on the other hand, were bred to produce fiber and are usually kept in herds.  They are smaller than llamas and have straight versus banana-shaped ears.  I had a chance to photograph alpacas up close and personal at Awana Kancha in the Sacred Valley.  http://awanakancha.com/about.html

Dinner Time.  Note the many variations in natural color.

Dinner Time. Note the many variations in natural color.

Waiting for a Haircut

Waiting for a Haircut

Vicuña are even smaller and more delicate looking.  They are not domesticated and were declared an endangered species in 1974.  I went to two preserves where they are present, but was only able to get one decent photograph.

Vicuña at Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve

Vicuña at Salinas y Aguada Blanca National Reserve

Doors, Doors, and More Doors

Friday, October 30th, 2009

Like many “photographers”, I am fascinated by the variety of doors present in many other cultures.  Maybe it is because all of ours are just variations of a basic 2-, 4-, or 6-panel door.  Here is a sampling of the doors I photographed, just in the Monasterio de Santa Catalina.

Arequipa to Puno via Chivay over the Altiplano

Thursday, October 29th, 2009

From Arequipa, I traveled by van to Chivay at the entrance to Colca Canyon.  After a trek into the canyon, I took another van to Puno.  All of this area is part of the Altiplano or High Plain that extends into Bolivia, Chile, Argentina and Ecuador.  It rivals Tibet in size and its average height at 12,300′ is only slightly less.

For a Google map of the area, click here.

Some examples of the terrain:

 

Monasterio de Santa Catalina

Thursday, October 29th, 2009

The Santa Catalina de Siena Convent was founded in 1579, less than 40 years after the Spanish arrived in Arequipa.  The cloistered nuns had private suites with sitting, sleeping and cooking areas.  Most had a personal servant or slave; some as many as four.  One of the members, Sister Ana de Los Angeles Monteagado (?-1686), was beatified in 1985. 

The convent opened to the public in 1970 after extensive restoration work following damaging earthquakes in 1958 and 1960.  At one time, several hundred women lived in the sprawling, walled complex that was a city within the city; now only a few nuns live in the new monastery still walled off from the tourists during the day.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catalina_Monastery

This monastery was far different from any other I had ever visited, and not just with respect to size.  First and foremost among the differences between the medieval abbeys of Europe, the Spanish missions of California, and this Spanish monastery in Peru is the presence of rich, vivid colors.  Almost all, if not all, outdoor spaces were painted with a blue to match a cloudless sky or a clay red highly reminiscent of Utah’s most vivid canyons and arches.  A few splashes of lemon yellow could also be found.

Cloister of the Orange Trees

Cloister of the Orange Trees

 

Santa Catalina walkway

Santa Catalina walkway

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Living accommodations were also far different from the whitewashed dormitory of Europe or the spartan adobe-walled cell of California.  The families of most of the women who lived here paid hefty dowries to get them in and provided their daughters with fine furniture and other household goods, along with servants to do basic household chores like cooking, cleaning and laundry.

A cell with a piano

A cell with a piano

 

A cell with a sofa and table
A cell with a sofa and table

 

A cell with a painting in the seating area

A cell with a painting in the seating area